Hypnosis
History
· Hypnosis has been around for thousands of years. The Ancient Greeks and Romans used it for a therapeutic benefit in about the fourth century B.C.
· Many cultures have used chanting or the beat of drums during spiritual rituals in order to induce a hypnotic trance.
· In Germany around the seventeenth century, troops traveling between towns drew crowds with demonstrations of controlling animals. Hypnosis was also used to calm animals before slaughtering.
Myths and Theories
· Hypnotists do not have complete control over you, but can be anyone who is skilled with using language, capturing another person’s imagination or who has authority over you can be known as a Hypnotist.
· Many people think that when you are hypnotized that you are not aware of anything, but if this were true you would not be able to follow instruction.
· No one has ever permanently been stuck in hypnosis.
Treatment and Procedure
· Normally used to help patients with managing pain psychologically (people with burns/cancer/stress or anxiety/obese/women during childbirth).
· The process begins with the reassurance of relaxation and/or concentration on colors or objects to help place patient in desired mellow state of trance.
· The induced experience one of two main hypnotic states: Dissociation (one’s consciousness splits in two-a part that listens and a part that acts involuntary) or Sociocognitive (personal beliefs and influence of hypnotist leads to a role play/Q&A).
Affects on the Brain
· Hypnosis is characterized by a shift in brain activity from anterior (front) to posterior (back), human experiences are reflected in some way on the brain – seeing colors or motion are emphasized by activity in the visual cortex and feeling fear is mediated by activity in the amydygala, thus having observable effects on the brain.
· People who are susceptible to suggestion, show that when they act on the suggestions, their brains show profound changes in how the information is processed.
· The way information processes (from lower regions to higher region) exist for sensory information, creating a conscious impression, that moves from top to bottom.

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Ford, Beverly, Erica Pearson, and Helen Kennedy. "Cops have Philip Markoff, suspected 'Craigslist Killer' of model Julissa Brisman, in custody." New York News, Traffic, Sports, Weather, Entertainment and Gossip - NY Daily News. 23 Apr. 209. 26 Apr. 2009 .

Hooten, Jessica. "Individualism in O'Connor's A Good Man Is Hard to Find." 2008. LION. Moraine Valley Community College, Palos Heights, IL. 27 Apr. 2009 .

Kingsbury, Alex. "The Pope Confronts the Priest Sex Scandal - US News and World Report." US News & World Report - Breaking News, World News, Business News, and America's Best Colleges - USNews.com. 18 Apr. 2008. 26 Apr. 2009 .

Making Police Crime Unfashionable - TIME." Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews - TIME.com. 6 May 1974. 25 Apr. 2009 .

Wills, Christopher. "Illinois Governor Blagojevich Bounced From Office - US News and World Report." US News & World Report - Breaking News, World News, Business News, and America's Best Colleges - USNews.com. 29 Jan. 2009. 28 Apr. 2009 .

hypnosis process and treatment

The ever controversial therapist tool will forever be the use of hypnosis. Many will argue they are none other than a parlor trick or some sort of hoax that catches attention and fools, however others state that they can be very powerful if used correctly and by professional. Loosely defined, hypnosis is a procedure in which a hypnotist will induce a patient in a relaxed state and suggest certain changes that can help the patient alter and hopefully change certain behaviors they wish to ‘fix.’ These behaviors mostly consist of mental states such as perceptions, thoughts, feelings, but can also include sensations like pain (168). The theoretical idea of hypnosis is based upon personal opinion and belief at this point in time. The strength and effectiveness is all up to the eye of the beholder.
More Background Info
The idea of hypnosis is sometimes taken out of context and certain patients do not take effect to the treatment quite as easily as others or sometimes don’t take affect at all for reasons unknown. Many times the process will be a test to understand the performance of or the inability to perform certain acts while in the relaxed state of hypnosis. Before one can conceive the main point of the treatment or process, the misconceptions should be noted. Most researchers will discredit the idea of increased memory, the idea that the induced perform acts requested against their will, nor will it make one re-experience long ago events (168-169). The main point and purpose is to help psychological and medical problems. The process begins with the reassurance of relaxation and sometimes the concentration on colors or objects to put the patients in the desired mellow state. Once induced, pain management is a task of hypnosis to control. People with burns, cancer, women in childbirth, people with stress or anxiety, along with obese people and so forth will participate in a lesser stereotypical sort of hypnosis which helps them manage these pains or psychological problems.
Dissociation
One of the main ideas of what goes on during a hypnotic state would be classified as disassociation. An easy way to think of the radical idea is when one’s consciousness splits into two parts. One part of the brain listens and the other acts involuntarily to the one observing. A well known experiment done by Ernest Hilgard involved hypnotized subjects placing their arms into what would be painfully freezing water for any normal conscious mind. The subjects, once aware of their surroundings again, claimed to not feel discomfort (169-170). The idea is that the subject is split between the observer’s words and their own personal control of the situation.
Sociocognitive
The next most widely regarded theory as to explaining hypnosis is sociocognitive. In order to be induced, it strictly relies on one’s own belief in the possibility of hypnosis. A patient who firmly believes in the idea along with the influence of a hypnotist will affect the output. This idea is similar to one who leads a role play (170). The patient will typically have unexplained dreams or puzzling symptoms that they are looking for answers and once in these hypnotic states the role leader can try to work around finding the cause or purpose and analyze it.
Treatment by hypnosis will vary and seem notable similar to a stress management to a hoax in which men will walk around and quack. Influence and affectivness are credited by personal belief. There are many arguments against it, with researchers that still agree it can be affective. Through disassociation or sociocognitive, there are still unanswered questions out there that still leave it hard to fully deny the skeptics of the mind wandering experimentation.

the death penalty

The cornerstone of our nation was founded upon freedom and rights to all its’ people. Generations that have come and gone attempted to base these concepts on typical moral codes, however that have been known to conflict. One of the most heated debates we still pursue is the elusive answer to whether or not the death penalty is an acceptable punishment.
Since the States first began keeping records, more than 18,800 people have been executed within the 38 of the 50 states that still use the death penalty as of 1608. The state is typically in charge of deciding which methods to put to use consisting of lethal injection as the most popular followed by electrocution and there is also hanging, the gas chamber, along with a firing squad. The question though is whether or not they are cruel or unusual types of punishment which would conflict with the prisoner’s rights and amendments. Many arguments have been raised attempting to abolish the death penalty with the first recorded effort in the home of former president Benjamin Franklin during a meeting in 1787.
The six main arguments that counter the death penalty include: people on death row have been proven innocent later on, death is not an effective deterrent seeing how people still commit the crimes, by nature our legal system is arbitrary, it is discriminatory against minorities where they well outnumber whites, and the main point is that life is sacred and killing criminals makes you no better than the condemned.
The average time to sit on death row is approximately 10 years and 8 months which is a considerable amount of time to stew it over. A case between Elledge and Florida in 1998 was questionable whether a man awaiting the death penalty was being deprived the right of a speedy trial and so forth after being denied an appeal after the 23rd year when they filed it (now it has been even longer, 33 years!) In order to help reduce the time and other delays, during the case of McClesky vs. Zant in 1991 the number of appeals was limited and 2 months later during Coleman vs. Thompson, procedural default was eliminated which covers missing filing deadline appeals on time-solidifying a more certain ruling more so.
To contribute to the fight against the death penalty, the discovery of 124 innocent people within 25 different states have been freed from 1973-2007 especially with the new method of DNA testing paving the way to scientific truth. Eye witnesses have always been around, but there is no hiding from definite scientific reason. The jury is also there to make the decision and when the judge during the case of Ring vs. Arizona dismissed them, Ring found a loop hole to buy himself more time and open hundreds of over cases in which the judge made a sole decision also. What one man is worthy to decide another’s life is for the taking?
The death penalty has its pros and cons and I agree there are many men and women you just cannot seem to solve what to do with them, but at times death is just not morally the right thing to do. Vengeance for closure, the fact that some people just deserve it, and to protect others from the criminal to commit any more violent acts are reasons to rid ourselves of criminals if needed. The costs to use execution or to even have the possibility of its use runs extremely high along with the fact that obviously people still commit the crimes despite being aware of the outcome it presents. I for one argue the moral stance we take when allowing it and like to point out the dent it puts in a taxpayers wallet when it doesn’t scare these criminals. I feel punishment should take a different route because our jails are packed and those who do come out rarely are successfully rehabilitated.

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beseeching His aid in our good cause” is Twain’s condemnation of hypocritical patriotic and religious motivations for war. It was not published until after his death because of his family’s fear of public outrage, to which it is said Twain quipped “none but the dead are permitted to tell the truth.” Though he never renounced his Presbyterianism, he wrote other irreligious pieces, some included in his collection of short stories Letters From Earth (1909);
“Man is a marvelous curiosity. When he is at his very, very best he is a sort of low grade nickel-plated angel; at his worst he is unspeakable, unimaginable; and first and last and all the time he is a sarcasm.”
Mark Twain grew to despise the injustice of slavery and any form of senseless violence. He was opposed to vivisection and acted as Vice-President of the American Anti-Imperialist League for nine years. Through his works he illuminates the absurdity of humankind, ironically still at times labeled a racist. Though sometimes caustic “Of all the creatures that were made he [man] is the most detestable,” as a gifted public speaker he was a much sought after lecturer “information appears to stew out of me naturally, like the precious ottar of roses out of the otter.” —from his Preface to Roughing It (1872). He is the source of numerous and oft-quoted witticisms and quips including “Whenever I feel the urge to exercise I lie down until it goes away”; “If you don't like the weather in New England, just wait a few minutes”; “Familiarity breeds contempt — and children”; “The past does not repeat itself, but it rhymes” ; and “The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated.” Twain is a master in crafting humorous verse with sardonic wit, and though with biting criticism at times he disarms with his renderings of colloquial speech and unpretentious language. Through the authentic depiction of his times he caused much controversy and many of his works have been suppressed, censored or banned, but even into the Twenty-First Century his works are read the world over by young and old alike. A prolific lecturer and writer even into his seventy-fourth year, he published more than thirty books, hundreds of essays, speeches, articles, reviews, and short stories, many still in print today.
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Early Years and Life on the River 1830-1860
Mark Twain was born in Florida, Missouri on 30 November 1835, the sixth child born to Jane Lampton (1803-1890) and John Marshall Clemens (1798-1847). In 1839 the Twain family moved to their Hill Street home, now the Mark Twain Boyhood Home and Museum with its famous whitewashed fence, in the bustling port city of Hannibal, Missouri. Situated on the banks of the Mississippi river it would later provide a model for the fictitious town of St. Petersburg in Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer.
When Twain’s father died in 1847 the family was left in financial straits, so eleven year old Samuel left school (he was in grade 5) and obtained his first of many jobs working with various newspapers and magazines including the Hannibal Courier as journeyman printer. “So I became a newspaperman. I hated to do it, but I couldn't find honest employment.” He also started writing, among his first stories “A Gallant Fireman” (1851) and “The Dandy Frightening the Squatter” (1852). After traveling to and working in New York and Philadelphia for a few years he moved back to St. Louis in 1857. It was here that the lure of the elegant steamboats and festive crowds drew his attention and he became an apprentice ‘cub’ river pilot under Horace Bixby, earning his license in 1858. As a successful pilot plying his trade between St. Louis and New Orleans, Twain also grew to love the second longest river in the world which he describes affectionately in his memoir Life on the Mississippi (1883).
“The face of the water, in time, became a wonderful book — a book that was a dead language to the uneducated passenger, but which told its mind to me without reserve, delivering its most cherished secrets as clearly as if it uttered them with a voice. And it was not a book to be read once and thrown aside, for it had a new story to tell every day.”
An important part of a river pilot’s craft is knowing the waters and depths, which, for the mighty Mississippi and her reefs, snags, and mud are ever changing. To ‘mark twain’ is to sound the depths and deem them safe for passage, the term adopted by Clemens as his pen name in 1863. In 1858 his brother Henry died in an explosion on the steamboat Pennsylvania. Life on the river would provide much fodder for Twain’s future works that are at times mystical, often sardonic and witty, always invaluable as insight into the human condition.
Beyond the Banks in the 1860’s
With the outbreak of Civil War in 1861 passage on the Mississippi was limited, so at the age of twenty-six Twain moved on from river life to the high desert valley in the silver mining town of Carson City, Nevada with his brother Orion, who had just been appointed Secretary of the Nevada Territory. He had never traveled out of the state but was excited to venture forth on the stagecoach in the days before railways, described in his semi-autobiographical novel Roughing It (1872). Twain tried his hand at mining on Jackass Hill in California in 1864, and also began a prolific period of reporting for numerous publications including the Territorial Enterprise, The Alta Californian, San Francisco Morning Call, Sacramento Union and The Galaxy. He traveled to various cities in America, met Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe and Charles Dickens in New York, and visited various countries in Europe, Hawaii, and the Holy Land which he based Innocents Abroad (1869) on. Short stories from this period include “Advice For Little Girls” (1867) and “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calavaras County” (1867).
Marriage, Tramping Abroad, and Success
In 1870 Twain married Olivia ‘Livy’ Langdon (1845-1904) with whom he would have four children. Three died before they reached their twenties but Clara (1870-1962) lived to the age of eighty-eight. The Twain’s home base was now Hartford, Connecticut, where in 1874 Twain built a home, though they traveled often. Apart from numerous short stories he wrote during this time and Tom Sawyer, Twain also collaborated on The Gilded Age (1873) with Charles Dudley Warner.
A Tramp Abroad (1880), Twain’s non-fiction satirical look at his trip through Germany, Italy, and the Alps and somewhat of a sequel to Innocents Abroad was followed by The Prince and the Pauper (1882). Hank Morgan, time traveler in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889) reflects Twain’s friendship with pioneering inventor and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla and interest in scientific inventions. Twain also continued to uphold a busy lecture series throughout the United States. In 1888 he was awarded an honorary Master of Art degree from Yale University.
For some years Twain had lost money in various money making schemes like mining, printing machines, the Charles L. Webster Publishing Co., and The Mark Twain Self-Pasting Scrap Book though he never lost his sense of humour. In 1892, friend and fellow humorist and author Robert Barr, writing as ‘Luke Sharp’ interviewed Twain for The Idler magazine that he owned with Jerome K. Jerome. Twain’s novel The American Claimant (1892) was followed by The Tragedy of Pudd'Nhead Wilson (1894), first serialized in Century Magazine. Tom Sawyer Abroad (1894) was followed by Tom Sawyer, Detective in 1896. His favourite fiction novel, Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (1896) was first serialised in Harper’s Magazine. By 1895, unable to control his debts, he set off on a world lecture tour to Australia, Canada, Ceylon, India, New Zealand, and South Africa to pay them off. Following the Equator (1897) is his travelogue based on his tour, during which he met Mahatma Gandhi, Sigmund Freud, and Booker T. Washington.
With another successful lecture tour under his belt and now much admired and celebrated for his literary efforts, Mark, Livy and their daughter Jane settled in New York City. Yale University bestowed upon him an honorary Doctor of Letters degree in 1901 and in 1907 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters by Oxford University. The same year A Horse's Tale and Christian Science (1907) were published. While traveling in Italy in 1904, Livy died in Florence. For Twain’s 70th birthday on 30 November 1905 he was fêted at Delmonico’s restaurant in New York, where he delivered his famous birthday speech, wearing his trademark all-year round white suit. That year he was also a guest of American President Theodore ‘Teddy’ Roosevelt at the White House and addressed the congressional committee on copyright issues. He was also working on his biography with Albert Bigelow Paine. His daughter Jane became very sick and was committed to an institution, but died in 1909 of an epileptic seizure. In 1908 Twain had moved to his home ‘Stormfield’ in Redding, Connecticut, though he still actively traveled, especially to Bermuda.
Mark Twain died on 21 April 1910 in Redding, Connecticut and now rests in the Woodlawn Cemetery in Livy’s hometown of Elmira, New York State, buried beside her and the children. A memorial statue and cenotaph in the Eternal Valley Memorial Park of Los Angeles, California states: “Beloved Author, Humorist, and Western Pioneer, This Original Marble Statue Is The Creation Of The Renowned Italian Sculptor Spartaco Palla Of Pietrasanta.” Twain suffered many losses in his life including the deaths of three of his children, and accumulated large debts which plagued him for many years, but at the time of his death he had grown to mythic proportions as the voice of a spirited and diverse nation, keen observer and dutiful reporter, born and died when Halley’s Comet was visible in the skies.
“Death, the only immortal who treats us all alike, whose pity and whose peace and whose refuge are for all—the soiled and the pure, the rich and the poor, the loved and the unloved.” —Twain’s last written statement
Biography written by C.D. Merriman for Jalic Inc. Copyright Jalic Inc. 2006. All Rights Reserved.